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''Automat'' is a (1927) painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper. The painting was first displayed on Valentine’s Day 1927 at the opening of Hopper’s second solo show, at the Rehn Galleries in New York. By April it had been sold for $1,200.〔Carol Troyen, ''Hopper in Gloucester,'' in Carol Troyen, Judith Barter, Janet Comey, Elliot Bostwick Davis and Ellen Roberts (eds.), ''Edward Hopper''. Boston: MFA Publications (Museum of Fine Arts), 2007, p. 72.〕 The painting is today owned by the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa. ==The woman== The painting portrays a lone woman staring into a cup of coffee in an Automat at night. The reflection of identical rows of light fixtures stretches out through the night-blackened window. Hopper's wife, Jo, served as the model for the woman. 〔Gail Levin, ''Edward Hopper: An Intimate Biography.'' New York: Rizzoli, (1995) 2007, p. 201.〕 However, Hopper altered her face to make her younger (Jo was 44 in 1927). He also altered her figure; Jo was a curvy, full-figured woman, while one critic has described the woman in the painting as boyish' (that is, flat-chested)" 〔Carol Troyen, ''The Sacredness of Everyday Fact': Hopper’s Pictures of the City''. In Carol Troyen, Judith Barter, Janet Comey, Elliot Bostwick Davis and Ellen Roberts (eds.), ''Edward Hopper''. Boston: MFA Publications (Museum of Fine Arts), 2007, p. 118.〕 As is often the case in Hopper's paintings, both the woman's circumstances and her mood are ambiguous. She is well-dressed and is wearing makeup, which could indicate either that she is on her way to or from work at a job where personal appearance is important, or that she is on her way to or from a social occasion. She has removed only one glove, which may indicate either that she is distracted, that she is in a hurry and can stop only for a moment, or simply that she has just come in from outside, and has not yet warmed up. But the latter possibility seems unlikely, for there is a small empty plate on the table, in front of her cup and saucer, suggesting that she may have eaten a snack and been sitting at this spot for some time. The time of year—late autumn or winter—is evident from the fact that the woman is warmly dressed. But the time of day is unclear, since days are short at this time of year. It is possible, for example, that it is just after sunset, and early enough in the evening that the automat could be the spot at which she has arranged to rendezvous with a friend. Or it could be late at night, after the woman has completed a shift at work. Or again, it could be early in the morning, before sunrise, as a shift is about to start. Whatever the hour, the restaurant appears to be largely empty and there are no signs of activity (or of any life at all) on the street outside. This adds to the sense of loneliness, and has caused the painting to be popularly associated with the concept of urban alienation. One critic has observed that, in a pose typical of Hopper's melancholic subjects, "the woman's eyes are downcast and her thoughts turned inward." 〔Iversen, Margaret, ''Edward Hopper''. Tate Publishing, 2004, p. 57.〕 Another critic has described her as "gazing at her coffee cup as if it were the last thing in the world she could hold on to."〔Schmied, Wieland, ''Edward Hopper: Portraits of America''. Translated by John William Gabriel. Munich: Prestel, 1999, p. 76.〕 In 1995, ''Time'' magazine used ''Automat'' as the cover image for a story about stress and depression in the 20th century. 〔''Time'' magazine, August 28, 1995.〕 Art critic Ivo Kranzfelder compares the subject matter of this painting (a young woman nursing a drink alone in a restaurant) to Édouard Manet's ''The Plum'' and Edgar Degas's ''L'Absinthe''〔Ivo Kranzfelder, ''Hopper''. Cologne, Germany: Benedikt Taschen, 2010, p. 146.〕—although unlike the subject in Degas's painting, the woman is introspective, rather than dissipated. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Automat (painting)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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